Money for nothing... Buffett style

BBC 2's Evan Davis met the world's greatest investor and summed up Buffett's simple strategy like so...

1. Invest... don't speculate. It's the cash flows from the asset that generate your return, not the movement in the price.
2. You don't have to diversify. "If somebody owns 50 stocks, can they really like the one they rank as number 50 as well as the one they rank as number 1? Can they know it as well? I don't think so."
3. Be a business owner. Don't just buy shares.
   
4. Allocate capital efficiently. Take the profits of one business and invest them in another.
5. Don't get into debt. "If you're smart you don't need it, and if you're dumb you've got no business using it."

The mark of an intelligent person is one who can make the complicated sound simple. Buffett and his investment style embody this in spades.

The deflation vs. inflation debate continues...

On Thursday I went to a presentation by Charles Dumas of Lombard Street Research and Ian Harnett of Absolute Strategy Research. Here are the key messages…

Charles Dumas in the deflation corner 

US fails all 4 of the Friedman's 4 steps to inflation (his evidence is in brackets):

1. Rapid growth of broad money (money supply collapsed)
2. Asset price boom (markets 25% off peaks)
3. Overheating of economy (US in recession)
4. Inflation (CPI falling)

US M3 growth c. 4% but underlying this, the picture is different. Bank lending to private sector -6% so M3 growth coming from QE and govt stimulus 

US unemployment rising (currently 9% which is highest since 1982), therefore wage growth negative. Dumas expects unemployment to continue rising & then stabilise as GDP next year will be way below normal recovery rates. Given the NAIRU (non accelerating inflation rate of unemployment) is 5-6% in the US, don't expect any wage growth (and by extension inflation) any time soon. Indeed, hourly wage growth of only 0.5% + rising unemployment ≠ rising CPI  

US trend growth is c. 3%. Going forward, trend growth will be lower at 2.2% due to the collapse of key industries such as financials. In this recession, GDP has fallen -5.6% so output gap is c. -7.8%. If the US economy grew by +4% to +5% p.a. for 3 years the output gap would be closed. He therefore believes CPI will stop falling in 3 years time, although this is optimistic given lower expected growth rates. Dumas notes that the coefficient between the US output gap and CPI is c. 25% (i.e. if gap is -4%, CPI = -1%). 

Finally, CNY/ USD peg has reduced Chinese export prices, which has increased China's market share. So, China wins if USD is weak, as does the US since their exports are also cheaper. However, this is negative for Japanese and European exports. 

Conclusion slide shown below…

 

Ian Harnett in the inflation corner 

Inflation will be caused by 2 factors:

1. Low inventories will result in frictional inflation due to supply shortages
2. Liquidity creation is causing asset price inflation 

This is more of a corporate rather than a consumer recession (e.g. US consumption contribution to GDP is still positive while investment & inventories are negative contributors). This is causing a supply shock. Supply chains have been built on the Great Moderation and are therefore unable to cope with economic volatility and associated sudden pick ups in demand. To demonstrate this he looks at US ISM prices paid and ISM inventories minus shipments (orders), which move in tandem (see chart). Both are positive as prices paid are rising due to sudden inventory rebuild.

The corporate response to the credit crunch has been to slash costs & capex in order to preserve free cash flow. However, this can't continue and Harnett expects employment to pick up in the near future (see chart of claims [lagged 6 months] & unemployment). This, will also increase monetary velocity.

 
Asset prices are rising across the board (he highlights the 14% annualised growth in UK house prices over the last 3 months as well as the rise in the oil price). This combined with the fact that the Bank of England appear to be targeting nominal GDP growth of +5% (MPC member Charles Bean Feb 09 speech re targeting "growth in overall economy of circa 5%"). A focus on price levels of assets such as house prices will keep policy looser for longer. The BoE will therefore tolerate much higher CPI in order for prices to get back to pre crash levels.

Inflation will appear in asset prices before consumer prices, which will be the catalyst for rising yields (e.g. US 2 year currently below level of US core CPI, a relationship that will not hold for much longer).

So there you go. Please excuse my crude attempt to distil such complex arguments and make your own mind up.

The bull is rolling over

SPX falling out of bullish channel, closing below 1,060 suggests weakness to come. SELL!!

Beware of gravity!

The equity market is in a gravity defying 'sweet spot' of low interest rates, QE, returning M&A, cash rich, yield hungry investors, and earnings and economic fundamentals are working off ultra low bases. Of these elements, the most likely tap to be closed off first is QE, then interest rates, which will probably be the catalyst for gravity to take over.

Why have bond and equity markets been rallying in tandem?

The answer is simple. Equities have rallied BECAUSE bond yields have fallen, reducing the cost of capital and forcing investors to take more risk to maintain their yield. This amounts to a universal carry trade driving everything including corporate bonds, equities and currencies.

Moreover, the fall in long bond yields is being driven by the short end, on which they are anchored. So, as the 2 year yield is squeezed lower by FSA liquidity requirements and lower for longer base rates, longer dated yield shave also benefited from the carry offered by the steepest yield curve in over 20 years. This interplay is demonstrated by the 2's 10's spread, which has remained stable, as the 2 year has hit a record low...

Anatomy of a liquidity trap

Liquidity trap: A situation in which prevailing interest rates are low and savings rates are high. As a result, monetary policy is ineffective.

The effectiveness of QE is being compromised by unwillingness on behalf of UK banks to lend. As a result, for every £1 spent on QE, less than £1 is being lent out, which means banks are hoarding the money in order to bolster their balance sheets. This is clearly demonstrated in the charts below, which are based on weekly data from the Bank of England. The first chart shows how a large part of the BoE's ballooning balance sheet has come from reserve balances. The second chart suggests that the cumulative Gilt purchases by the Bank of England have been responsible for the increase in commercial bank reserve balances held at the Bank.


Having initially been about increasing “the amount of money that’s held by the wider economy”, the purpose of QE has been refined by the Bank of England to restoring M4 (ex Intermediate OFCs) growth to 5% per annum. Therefore, the Bank of England acknowledged in the August Inflation Report that QE is not meeting their 5% target:

One potentially useful diagnostic of the impact of the Bank’s asset purchases is the extent to which they boost the stock of broad money. Broad money growth remained weak in Q2. That reflected continued underlying weakness in nominal demand: nominal GDP fell by 3% in Q1, and is likely to have fallen further in Q2. Absent asset purchases, it is likely that money growth would have been even weaker.

Indeed, despite QE, M4 is moving further away from their target...

Given the ineffectiveness of circa £150 billion of Gilt purchases to date, speculation is mounting that the Bank will resort to increasing the QE programme to £200 billion and charging negative interest rates on reserve balances at the BoE in order to boost the money supply and force banks to lend. This, coupled Mervyn King's prognosis of a "slow and protracted recovery", explains why yesterday the two year Gilt yield reached an all time low of 0.74%, Cable sold off two big figures and interest rate futures are pricing in low interest rates will continue for the foreseeable future…

Let's party like it's 2009!

The recovery party is in full swing, fuelled by an enormous punch bowl of monetary and fiscal stimulus. Having initially threatened to call time by discussing exit strategies, the G20 has agreed to leave the stimulus in place. In doing so, the world's finance ministers have unilaterally committed to underwrite the economic recovery.

Thus, cheap money has increased the price of everything from oil to stocks. Furthermore, in the short term the rally has become a self perpetuating virtuous circle, pushing sentiment indicators higher which in turn sustain further gains. However, easy money and sentiment can only take markets so far. In the end, unless they are supported by above consensus earnings, GDP and clear signs of demand, markets will falter.

Indeed, beneath the benign exterior of lower for longer interest rates lurks a liquidity trap and an economy delicately poised on a knife edge (more on both of these to come).

It is usually sensible to leave a party while it is still in full swing.

China, the engine of global growth or a bubble in the making?

The case for
Chinese GDP in the second quarter was a whopping +14.6% p.a., contributing 1.6% to global GDP, which without China would have been flat.

The surge in the copper price and the fall in the US Dollar are testament to the fact that China has become an undisputed key force in many markets. If China is the engine of global GDP then its demand for materials and assets will drive global asset prices higher.

The case against
Chinese economic data and its method of calculation is questionable (e.g. goods count as having been sold when shipped to retailers, not when purchased by consumers). Furthermore, the latest set of first-half GDP numbers from provincial authorities are far higher than Beijing’s national figure, raising questions on the accuracy of statistics.

The current liquidity boom is reminiscent of the US from 2000 to 2007, with cheap money fuelling asset price bubbles. Loan growth is unsustainable and instead of being deployed strategically, must have been used speculatively judging by the rally in the real estate prices and the Shanghai Composite index (+80% year to date!). The Shanghai Composite index trades on 24 times forward earnings, which is 41% premium to the S&P 500, which trades on 17 times expected earnings.

Other evidence of a bubble can be found in recent Chinese IPOs. China State Construction Engineering Corp smashed IPO records, raising 50.2 billion yuan (or 43x recorded earnings) and was up 56% in its first day's trading! When a market is that 'hot' it is either fuelled by retail demand or a sign of far too much easy money chasing too few good investments opportunities. Both signal overvaluation and impending correction. As every tech bubble veteran knows, the hotter they are, the harder they fall.

Finally, as if all of the above was not bad enough, Chinese asset prices appear to be under the control of the country's government who themselves admit that fresh asset bubbles are forming. On Wednesday 29th July the Chinese equity market fell 7% on news that the government would restrict the amount of bank lending. Realising the impact of their announcement, the following day the government announced it would 'unswervingly continue to apply appropriate loose monetary policy' and stocks recovered the previous day's losses. For this reason alone, Chinese equities deserve a higher risk premium since they are vulnerable to government intervention. Although, so are most Western markets.

Conclusion
In the long term China will undoubtedly become an engine of future global growth. However, in the short term, investors in Chinese assets have got ahead of themselves and allowed prices to go too far, whilst ignoring the risks associated with a torrent of liquidity. If left unchecked, such aggressive stimulus risks bursting what is now a bubble, as Nouriel Roubini notes in a recent post on his blog:

Aggressive government led stimulus (direct government investment and encouraging banks to lend) contributed to a reacceleration of growth in Q2 2009, one of the first countries to have a growth acceleration in H1 2009. While upside risk is certainly present for China's GDP growth outlook, serious downside risks from China's fiscal and monetary expansion remain. In particular the risks that stimulus is contributing to asset bubbles in property and equity markets, worsening the risk of non-performing loans and adding to overcapacity could, especially in the absence of a rebound of external demand contribute to weaker than trend growth in 2010-11.

Asian Development Bank predicts Asia ex Japan GDP to recover to pre recession level of 6% in 2010...

... however, it is too early to declare V for victory. Governments have substituted public investment for private investment and exports that have evaporated. With Western demand unlikely to pick up the slack, 6% GDP must come from domestic demand, which is unlikely. The ADB report shows that Asian demand, including China, accounts for 22% of demand for Asian exports. Moreover, H1 Chinese imports fell -25%. So, until Asian economies can create sustainable domestic demand, their recovery will remain fragile.

The long & winding road to recovery

Labelling the recovery with letters of the alphabet such as 'W' or 'V' is such a cliché. Song titles are far more effective. For example, the Vapors' Turning Japanese describes Japan-style deflation and Yazz's The Only Way Is Up describes a bullish 'V' shaped recovery. So, which song best describes the outlook for the world economy and markets… The Beatles' The Long & Winding Road?

Faced with considerable headwinds of reduced credit supply, corporate and consumer deleveraging, and falling house prices, GDP will remain below its long term average. The road to recovery is therefore going to be both long and winding. Indeed, the IMF noted last week that:

The global economy is beginning to pull out of a recession unprecedented in the post–World War II era, but stabilization is uneven and the recovery is expected to be sluggish. Economic growth during 2009-10 is now projected to be about ½ percentage points higher than forecast by the IMF in April, reaching 2.5 percent in 2010… the global recession is not over, and the recovery is still expected to be slow as financial institutions remain weak and credit intermediation impaired, support from public policies will gradually diminish, and households in countries that suffered asset price busts will rebuild savings.

So, although GDP growth is receiving a short term boost from fiscal and monetary stimulus and an inventory rebuilding cycle, the durability and strength of the recovery will ultimately depend on consumer spending. Since the US consumer accounts for c. 70% of GDP, US growth is likely to remain subdued until consumers save less and spend more. Furthermore, this is a global recession, which means that exports are unlikely to provide sufficient impetus to either GDP or consumption.

Equities
So, what does a prolonged period of below trend GDP mean for equity markets? Lower GDP growth implies lower earnings growth (see charts below). Therefore, P/E ratios will remain lower for longer since equity prices cannot move substantially higher unless supported by earnings growth.

Moreover, suffering from a debt hangover, management at over-leveraged companies are being distracted from growing earnings. Instead, they have to focus increasingly on reducing debt and balance sheet restructuring. Thus, companies who went into the credit crunch with robust balance sheets are likely to steal a march on their over-indebted peers. Anecdotal evidence of this includes Greene King's equity raising to buy pubs from distressed seller, Punch Taverns. In the housebuilder sector, Berkley Group learnt it's lesson from the last housing crash and went into this crash debt free, whereas Taylor Wimpey was in bad shape and returns on equity suffered…

However, even if equity prices remain stagnant for the next year, investors can still earn 5-7% p.a. in dividends, which is substantially higher than 12 month LIBOR at 1.5%. So, provided one invests in companies with sound balance sheets and dividend cover of over 2 times, the equity market is likely to be an attractive source of return.

Interest Rates
There is a limit to how high long bond yields can go while base rates are anchored at or near zero. With unemployment in the developed world converging on double figures and GDP remaining below trend, base rates will remain lower for longer. Thus, if longer yields rise too far, the carry becomes too attractive for them to rise further and institutions that can take advantage of low-cost funding from central banks will start buying, pushing yields lower.

However, this is a risky game and the stakes are high due to the many risks facing the government bond markets (QE overhang, record issuance and inflation to name but a few). Thus, in the UK at least, the yield curve has never been steeper, implying that investors are demanding a substantial risk premium over shorter yields to hold Gilts.

Inflation
As discussed previously in Inflationistas have been smoking too much 'green shoots'! inflation is being kept at bay by a wide output gap. If GDP remains below its historical average then it will take longer than average to close the output gap, postponing inflation in the process.

In conclusion, the recovery has started in earnest, but it's going to be a long and winding road to recovery. However, provided one is positioned accordingly and with realistic return assumptions, there is no reason why the road shouldn't be a profitable one.

BlackRock's Bob Doll on the outlook for equities

The following is an article written by Bob Doll and published in the FT on 3rd June 2009...

A different kind of rally

It would be an understatement to say that global equity markets have been volatile in 2009.

After sinking sharply in January and February as economic data continued to worsen and as investors grew uncertain about policymakers' next steps in combating the credit crisis, global equities went on the rise in the next couple of months and now seem to have entered a period of uncertainty.

Is the recent rally for real, or merely a blip in a longer bear market? Does it represent the start of a new bull market? Will we see less volatility from here, or should we expect the roller coaster to continue?

Since the bear market began in earnest last September (with the collapse of Lehman Brothers marking an important inflection point), several global equity rallies have failed to take hold. In our opinion, however, the rally that started in March is different. That rally (which, from trough to peak, has resulted in global price advances of more than 30 per cent) is based on a combination of technically oversold conditions, aggressive global policy actions and a general sense that the global economic recession is moving past its period of greatest weakness.

The question now is whether the rally marks the end of the bear market, or if it merely represents a temporary bounce from oversold conditions. It would be premature to suggest that a new bull market has emerged or that we have seen the end of the see-saw patterns that have been in place since last autumn.

Nevertheless, we do believe there are several important differences between current conditions and the failed rally attempts that previously occurred. From a technical perspective, this rally has been marked by strong momentum and expanding volume on the upside, and diminishing momentum and volume on the downside. Additionally, lower quality and more cyclical areas of the market have been outperforming, as have emerging markets when compared with developed markets, trends that occur when more sustained recoveries begin.

The extent to which equities are able to continue to advance will depend largely on the degree to which the global economy is able to recover. On balance, our view is that the global economy is still in the midst of a severe and dangerous recession, but, importantly, the massive policy initiatives around the world have begun to bear some fruit. The dramatic interest rate cuts, spending increases, tax cuts, capital injections, bank rescues and plethora of new government programmes have all helped to combat ongoing credit-related deflation risks.

We believe the fourth quarter of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009 will mark the low points for economic growth. We expect a small gain in world economic growth by the third quarter of this year. We also expect to see modestly positive levels of growth in the United States at some point in the second half.

While investors have grown more optimistic in recent months in the face of some "less bad" economic news, it is important to remember that less bad is not the same as actual good news. As such, we believe the rally that started in early March may be running out of steam and that a resumption of the rally will require more solid evidence of an economic recovery.

At present, we believe equities are entering a correction phase, although we believe this correction will be marked more by sideways action and less by a sharp decline. We think it is extremely unlikely that prices will retreat back to their early-March levels, but we could see some modest near-term declines and believe that continued volatility is likely. Typically, such corrections result in a give-back of between one-third to one-half of recent gains (which, in the United States, would result in a short-term drop to between 800 and 850 for the S&P 500 Index).

Over the longer term, however, we expect improving economic conditions will help equities to rise, and we believe that stocks will outperform bonds and cash over the next 12 months.

The writer is vice chairman and global chief investment officer of equities at BlackRock

Little Wing Macro: May 2009 review

The portfolio performed well in May, adding 4.5% net of costs, bringing year to date performance to 9.3%.

The majority of gains came from equity and FX, which added 2.2% and 2.6% respectively to the bottom line. Call options on Chinese and UK equities were once again the biggest contributors to performance, up 29% and 13.8% respectively. In FX, the portfolio was well positioned for dollar weakness with short USD and long gold holdings. However, the addition of Norwegian Government Bonds seemed premature as GBPNOK went through the 10.00 mark, falling 5% and costing the portfolio 0.5% on the month.

Rates also cost performance -0.4% as 10 year Gilt yields spiked 25 basis points during the month. On the plus side, short Treasury and index linked exposure offset losses with gains of 6.8% and 1.5% respectively.

A fall in portfolio volatility to sub 30% (currently 24%) allowed more cash to be deployed and cash now accounts for over 30% of assets, its lowest weight to date.

Inflationistas have been smoking too much 'green shoots'!

After the recent deflation scare, inflation expectations have normalised (see chart below of UK 10 year breakeven inflation). Nonetheless, the 'inflation-deflation' debate continues. Indeed, inflationistas such as Marc "Dr Doom" Faber would have us believe that the US is headed towards Zimbabwe-style hyperinflation!


However, while the risk of inflation has certainly increased, fuelled by monetary stimulus and rising commodity prices, to believe that inflation is about to take off requires a large leap of faith. Inflation does not just happen, it requires a transmission mechanism - usually an increase in credit supply. Increased credit supply facilitates increased demand which drives prices higher. However, given we are in a 'credit crunch', it is unlikely that the financial system will provide the transmission mechanism necessary for inflation. Moreover, until house prices trough, there is unlikely to be a recovery in the securitisation market, and therefore credit growth.


Even when the credit taps are turned back on, there is enough spare capacity to absorb increased demand and wage inflation is being kept in check by rising unemployment. Thus, with the output gap in the US at its widest since 1982, it is unlikely that inflation will make a comeback anytime soon.


Finally, if the market is pricing in inflation prematurely, then the additional 250 basis points of risk premium investors can receive by moving out of 2 year Gilts into 10 year Gilts looks extremely attractive. Indeed, the Gilt curve hasn't been this steep since 1992!

Cautious optimism

Three months into a near 40% rally in equities it is time to take stock and assess the economic outlook. Talk of a new bull market is still premature and further upside will depend on a sustained improvement in economic fundamentals and company earnings, or at least their ability to surprise on the upside.

The improvement in economic fundamentals suggests Q1 2009 marked the point of greatest weakness. Indeed, had activity continued to fall off a cliff before long we'd be back in the Stone Age!

However, despite talk of green shoots, most economic data is still negative:

Moreover, after such a sharp and synchronised cut in output, to what extent is the improvement down to restocking as opposed to a sustained demand growth? Whilst forward looking indicators such as OECD leading indicators have ticked up, measures of actual demand such as consumer spending are still in decline. Indeed, consumer demand is unlikely to improve until unemployment and the savings rate stop rising and the supply of credit increases.

Indeed, in an interview with CNN this week, US Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner suggested consumer demand and credit supply will remain weak for some time.

"You're going to see less credit flowing, as people go back to the point when they're living within their means. That's a healthy process for the economy... But it means that you're going to see a slower recovery than what you normally see."

So, as the G8 finance ministers noted in their communiqué this week:

"There are signs of stabilization, including a recovery of stock markets, a decline in interest rate spreads, improved business and consumer confidence, but the situation remains uncertain and significant risks remain to economic and financial stability."

Bear market rally (March - May 2009) R.I.P.

It takes nerves of steel to remain in cash, on the sidelines of a 30%+ equity market rally. With every 1% that the market moves higher, the greater the temptation to join the party for fear of missing out or being proved wrong. So it is strange that the recent rally coincides with a growing consensus that large amounts of cash await a correction before being invested. Thus, in the absence of improved economic data or company earnings, the market cannot move substantially higher while this cash pile remains uninvested.

An improvement in inter-bank lending alone, as measured by the falling TED spread, is not cause for a sustained bull market. Nor is the thawing of the primary credit market. What started as a financial crisis quickly spread to the real economy with devastating effect. Therefore, the problem is wider than the banks and is not solved, but rather one important part of the puzzle (the financial system) appears to be falling into place. However, there remains a lot to be done before we can say the financial system is fixed.

Since, this recession is unlike any other in living memory, it will take even more time to fix the real economy. What makes this recession different is the almost total collapse of the financial system coupled with a synchronised global slowdown in trade and growth. This combination will make this recession more severe in terms of both length and depth than any other in recent history. Whilst the worst of GDP and financial Armageddon may be behind us, unemployment and consumer deleveraging are likely to continue to deteriorate beyond 'normal' levels, extending the duration of this slowdown in the process.

On the plus side, the extent and speed of the response matches the severity of the problem. Trillions of dollars of toxic alphabet soup (CDOs, SIVs, CDS etc.) have been replaced with equal amounts of state-funded acronymed stimulus such as TARP, TALF, APF, QE... Excessive private sector debt has been replaced with public sector debt, something of which ratings agencies are well aware. Indeed, Moody's and S&P have put the UK on negative watch and this recession will undoubtedly claim more sovereign AAA ratings.

However, while the stimulus undoubtedly made the difference between depression and recession, we have effectively borrowed from the future to pay for the present. The huge increase in money supply and public debt: GDP ratio adds its own set of risks and will lower growth in the future. In an environment of higher perceived risk, investors demand higher risk premiums.

So, expect higher bond yields and lower p/e ratios, which will increase the cost of capital and constrict economic growth. Don't be fooled by the current euphoric bear market rally.

The trend is still your friend

The chart above shows the S&P 500 from May 1960 to May 2009 using a log scale. This raises the following obervations:

1. Notwithstanding the bear market from 2000 to 2009, a clear upward trend is still in place
2. The S&P 500 is currently -2 standard deviations from the trend, which, if still in place, suggests a buy signal as the bear market is now complete, having moved from +2 to -2 standard deviations versus their long term trend
3. It is unsurprising that US equity returns have experienced a 'lost decade' given how out of line US equities were in the late 1990's (+2 standard deviations vs. long term trend)

Perspectives on commodities

Some recent eclectic thoughts from John Reade, of UBS Investment Bank:

• China will buy those commodities that it considers strategic (i.e. required to meet centralised growth plan) as well as those that it does not produce a lot of. Therefore, expect these commodities to trade at a premium (e.g. copper is required for infrastructure growth & China is a net importer).


• A suggested FX basket for playing commodities: NOK (oil), CLP (copper), AUD (iron ore) & BRL (oil, iron ore & aggregates).


• ZAR is not as much of a commodity play as other currencies since it is unable to increase its commodity exports.


• OECD industrial production (IP) is a good leading indicator for commodity demand. Expect IP to trough mid 2009.


• Excluding oil, China is consuming 20-30% of annual commodity production and its GDP is c. 10% of global GDP. China is therefore 'punching above its weight' in term of commodity consumption.


• Disagrees with peak oil theory since we are not yet at the point where there are no know exploitable oil fields.


• The marginal cost of production for oil is $70 bbl, driven by other commodity prices essential to extraction (e.g. steel, concrete...). When the prices of those commodities rise, so does the breakeven oil price.


• Having initially been a gold bear, he expects gold to average $1,000 in 2009 due to the sheer level of inflows into the commodity. Having initially benefited from risk aversion (see performance of gold versus TED spread or 2 year swap spreads), future performance likely to come from the inflation trade. However, he doesn't recommend buying gold yet, until scrap sales & risk appetite wane and jewelry demand increases. Ultimately, gold is a scarce asset and so only a small increase in demand is required for a large increase in price.

Little Wing Macro: April 2009 review

The portfolio rose +0.5% net of costs in April, which was disappointing given the 10%+ rally in equity markets.

Of the three risk 'buckets' - rates, FX & equity - equity was the only positive contributor. The portfolio's Chinese & UK equity call options rose 39% and 36% respectively. However, the decision taken at the beginning of the month to pre-empt "sell in May" with FTSE 100 June puts, reduced the equity contribution to the bottom line to c. +6%.

In rates, TBT (short 20+ year US Treasury ETF) turned around previous negative performance, adding 13% as Treasury yields went into reverse on renewed risk seeking. However, the portfolio's Gilt holdings offset this as Gilt yields rose above 3.5% on supply & debt:GDP concerns. With the 10 year Gilt yield at c. 3.7% and an additional £50 billion in the Bank of England's APF, the risk reward ratio appears skewed in favour of maintaining long Gilt positions. For further insight on the reassessment of the Gilt market, see Reassessing Gilts: don't panic Mr Mainwaring! and When in trouble, double!.

The portfolio's FX investments, namely long USDJPY and gold investments suffered at the hands of 'animal spirits' as save haven assets bore the brunt of the return of 'animal spirits'. However, the portfolio's USD hedge compensated as the Dollar fell 3% against Sterling, breaching 1.47 in the process.

Overall, it was a difficult month for the views expressed in the portfolio, although by no means a disaster since the portfolio was up on the month. Indeed, May is shaping up to be another good month with the portfolio up c. 4.5% month to date. Volatility declined over the month to 35%, and continues to do so, enabling the portfolio's risk budget to be increased. Short GBPNOK and extending Gilt duration look like possible candidates for implementation...

Wake up & smell the coffee! China goes short duration

When the largest investor in any asset aggressively reduces their exposure, it's time to reassess that investment.

With holdings of $744.2 billion, China is the largest foreign holder of US Treasuries. This amounts to 24% of foreign holdings.

However, in a recent research note, Standard Chartered note that:

"Although bulk buying of Treasuries has ended, China is not reducing its stock of US securities. It is reducing its holdings of agencies and maintaining growth in its holdings of Treasuries, but is switching from long-term to short-term securities (tenors of less than one year)... holdings of short-term Treasuries surged to USD 182bn in February 2009 from USD 19.87bn in September 2008."

In portfolio management terms, this equates to an aggressive short duration position - standard practice if you expect yields to rise. Perhaps the scale of this positioning (25% of their holdings in sub 1 year paper) is a measure of how much they expect yields to rise. Indeed, Chinese officials have recently been vocal about their concerns regarding Treasuries and the US Dollar.

Could this mark the reversal in the 20 year bull market for Treasuries? Dr. Marc Faber certainly thinks so...

"The asset market that has the highest probability of having a made a secular high (such as Japan in 1989, or the NASDAQ in March 2000) is the U.S. long-term government bond market. Despite a still-weakening economy and massive quantitative easing, long-term bond yields appear to be on the verge of breaking out on the upside."

When in trouble, double!

Since the initial announcement and subsequent implementation of QE, Gilt yields have steadily risen (see above chart). Mervyn King has therefore lost money on his £52 billion of Gilt purchases. So, like any punter would do when faced with a loss, big Merv has doubled up.

At today's rate announcement, the Bank of England revealed that it will increase its existing QE facility by an additional £50 billion:

"The Committee also agreed to continue with its programme of purchases of government and corporate debt financed by the issuance of central bank reserves and to increase its size by £50 billion to a total of £125 billion. The Committee expected that it would take another three months to complete that programme, and it will keep the scale of the programme under review."

The 10 year Gilt yield fell 10 basis points. Could this be an inflection point in the 75+ basis point rise in Gilt yields?